Calcium Imbalance very important role in cell permeability, formation of bones and teeth, blood coagulation, transmission of nerve impulses and normal muscle contraction.
Almost all (99%) found the body of calcium in the bones, while others (1%) exist in the ionized form in serum. A total of 1% of ionized calcium in serum is always very important for healthy neurological function. Heavy calcium imbalance should be treated as deficiency (hypocalcemia) can cause tetany and convulsions, while the excess (hypercalcemia) can cause cardiac arrhythmias and coma.
Cause of Imbalance Calcium
- Hypocalcemia
- Burn
- Hipomagnesemia
- Hypoparathyroidism due to injury, illness or surgery
- Intake of calcium and vitamin D is not enough
- The loss of calcium from the GI tract due to severe diarrhea or laxative abuse
- Melabsorpsi calcium from the GI tract
- Correction of acidosis in excess
- Pancreatic insufficiency or pancreatitis
- Renal failure
- Severe infections
Hypercalcemia
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hipervitaminosis D
- Milk alkali syndrome
- Multiple fractures and immobilization in a long time
- Multiple myeloma
- Sarcoidosis
- Thiazide diuretics
- Tumor
Signs And Symptoms of Imbalance Calcium
Hypocalcemia
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Spasma karpopedal
- Digital and perioral paresthesia
- Hyperactive reflexes
- Positive Chvostek's sign
- Positive trousseau sign
- Convulsions
- Tetani
- Convulsions
Hypercalcemia
- Anorexia
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Coma
- Constipation
- Decreased muscle tone
- Dehydration
- Lethargy
- Muscle weakness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Polydipsia
- Polyuria
Diagnostic Test
Hypocalcemia
- Serum calcium levels less than 8.5 mg / dl sure hypocalcemia
- Ionized serum calcium levels less than 4.5 mg / dl also help confirm the diagnosis
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed an elongated Q interval, ST segment is elongated and arrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia
- Total serum calcium levels more than 10.5 mg / dl sure hypercalcemia
- Ionized serum calcium levels over 5.3 mg / dl also help confirm the diagnosis
- Urine test showed an increase in urinary calcium precipitation
- ECG showed QT interval shortening and obstruction in the heart
Handling Actions
Hypocalcemia
- Lightweight calcium deficit may require the intake of calcium, vitamin D, protein and enough oral calcium supplements can also
- Chronic hypocalcemia also need supplements of vitamin D to facilitate calcium absorption by the GI. Mild deficiency treated with multivitamin preparations, while severe deficiency treated with some form of vitamin D
Hypercalcemia
- Inadequate hydration with normal saline solution that helps excretion of calcium in urine
- Give loop diuretics, such as ethacrynic acid and furosemide, to help the excretion of calcium.
- Corticosteroids, such as prednisone and hydrocortisone are useful for dealing with sarcoidosis, hipervitaminosis D and certain tumors
- Plicamycin (mithracin) can lower serum calcium levels and is very effective against certain tumors that accompanies hypercalcemia.
- Calcitonin is also useful in certain cases
- Sodium phosphate solution given by mouth or retention enemas help the deposition of calcium in bones and inhibit absorption of the GI tract.
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